table of contents

The Pure companions and Tazkiyah (Purification)       3

ASHAB US-SAFA.............................................................................................................. 3

THE FOUR CLOSEST COMPANIONS......................................................................... 4

COMPANIONSHIP AND PURIFICATION.................................................................. 5

THE INNER DIMENSION OF THE SUNNAH............................................................. 6

The Rightly Guided Caliphs              8

LEADERSHIP OF THE UMMAH................................................................................... 8

A UNIQUE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT.................................................................. 10

PROBLEMS ARISE IN THE UMMAH......................................................................... 10

THE CLASH BETWEEN HAZRATH ALI (Radiallahu anhu) AND HAZRATH MUAWIAH (Radiallahu anhu)       11

THE BATTLES OF THE CAMEL AND SIFIN............................................................. 12

THE CALIPHS AND HAZRATH ALI (Radiallahu anhu)..................................... 13

AHL AL BAYT and PANJATTAN PAAK   15

HOUSEHOLD OF THE PROPHET............................................................................ 16

PANJATTAN PAAK OR BLESSED FIVE..................................................................... 17

WASILA(intermediation) OF PANJATAN PAAK.................................................... 18

The Ummayad dynasty 41-132 A.H     21

IMAM HASSAN (Radiallahu anhu) AND HAZRATH MUAWIA (RADIALLAHU ANHU) 41-60 AH.             21

IMAM HUSSAIN (Radiallahu anhu) AND YAZID THE CURSED- 60 AH. -64AH 22

To Kufa             26

INVITATION TO KUFA- MARTYRDOM OF IMAM MUSLIM (Radiallahu anhu)........... 26

BETRAYAL...................................................................................................................... 27

AT KARBALA................................................................................................................. 29

Karbala           30

thirst and determination......................................................................................... 30

negotiations................................................................................................................ 31

prayers in the face of adversity............................................................................. 32

Friday 10 Muharram 61 AH..................................................................................... 32

ahle baith on the battlefield................................................................................. 34

imam hussain's shahadat........................................................................................... 36

THE AFTERMATH            40

Treatment of the martyrs and survivors............................................................ 40

bibi zaynub (Radiallahu anha) in madinah.......................................................... 41

the blessed head......................................................................................................... 41

yazid attacks Makkah and Madinah.................................................................... 42

symbolic red and green garments......................................................................... 42

Tazia (model of the tomb of Imam Hussain)........................................................ 43

majalis............................................................................................................................ 44

kitchra niaz.................................................................................................................. 44

Status of a Martyr and the “Spiritual Fellowship”       45

beautiful companionship......................................................................................... 46

establishing spiritual contact............................................................................... 47

Ashura              50

sacred month............................................................................................................... 50

significant events....................................................................................................... 50

cosmic birth.................................................................................................................. 51

MARTYRS OF KARBALA............................................................................................. 52

Glossary          53

BIBLIOGRAPHY               56

ASHAB US-SAFA

When the Beloved of Allah, Muhammad (Alaihis salatu was salaam), departed from this earthly life, he had a following of over one million Muslims, all over Arabia, following the Shariah  (the general Islamic code of rules for the masses). Amidst these followers were about four hundred and fifty ascetic, who were known as Ashab as-Safa  (Companions of the Pure).

These dedicated people, who had sacrificed all for the cause of Islam, were busy in the rigorous discipline of Safa al-qalb  (purification of the heart), under the guidance of the master. They spent their days teaching or tending to the needs of the sick, widows and orphans and all night they would pray. They lived a humble and simple life, studying, worshipping and serving the creation. They did not engage in worldly business. Their possessions consisted of two pieces of cloth, which served as clothing, bedding and prayer carpets. They collected firewood, which they sold to make a living. They ate fallen dates and a bowl of porridge, which used to come daily from the prophet's house. They took a single sip and passed it around, miraculously the contents never diminished. The prophet urged his followers to feed these devotees. They lived on the veranda of the Prophets mosque. The Qur'aan refers to them in 2:273-

(Alms are also) for those who have taken to poverty by dedicating their lives to the cause of Allah- they cannot go about the land (doing business to earn their livelihood). The ignorant man thinks them to be rich because of their abstaining. you can recognize them by their mark (simplicity); They don't beg from men insistently (because they rely upon Allah); and whatever you spend on them Allah knows it.

THE FOUR CLOSEST COMPANIONS

The immediate companions of the Holy Prophet (Alaihis salatu was salaam) are depicted in pious legends as innocent of excesses, despite their position of privilege, they maintained the simplicity and austerity of habit, which they had learned from the Prophet - E.g.

q       Hazrath Abu Bakr (Radiallahu anhu) as the first caliph wore a simple single garment, which he used to pin together, so much so that he became known as the 'man of the two pins'.

q       Hazrath Umar (Radiallahu anhu) as ruler lived on olive oil and bread, wearing a garment of multiple patches.

q       Hazrath Uthman (Radiallahu anhu) appeared like a slave in dress and appearance. It is related that as caliph, he once collected his own firewood, and when questioned replied, 'I wanted to see if my soul would refuse'.

q       Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) wore the simplest clothing, using a cobbler's knife to cut of his shirtsleeve that was too long.

COMPANIONSHIP AND PURIFICATION

After the communication of the message, the link and company (Ta'alluq ) of the Holy Prophet (Alaihis salatu was salaam) transformed and purified (tazkiyah ) the entire personality of his followers and only after that did he impart to them the knowledge of the book (al-Kitaab ) and wisdom (Al-Hikmah ). This should serve as a lesson to our institutions of theology that have nothing to do with tazkiyah. They teach theology to anybody and only emphasize the external. It is putting the cart before the horse. Sunnah does not start with external adornment; it should start with the heart. Islam came to change the heart. The order of merit has been emphasized in the Qur'aan  62:2

THE INNER DIMENSION OF THE SUNNAH

The inner dimension of the Sunnah , of transforming the heart, on the basis of the human values which reached their perfection in the Holy Prophet (Alaihis salatu was salaam) has to be built up first; then the external manifestation of these great values will automatically come. The inner dimensions of the Sunnah are ultimately linked with tasawwuf  or Sufism. Although the word Sufi is not found in the Qur'aan or Hadith , the implication of the word is Qur'aanic and belongs to the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (Alaihis salatu was salaam). A Sufi is a person whose ideal in life is Safa al-qalb or purification of the heart. The word Safa means purification, which is the ideal of the Sufi and that of Islam. The term Sufi came into existence when the Ulema  became divided into the 'literists' (fuqaha) and those Ulema who also cared for the spirit along with the letter of the law. So those Ulema became known as Sufis, the true "inheritors of the Prophet" whilst the others remained Ulema. So a Sufi is ' a spiritually refined and purified person'.[1]

This jihad  (struggle) has been termed jihad al-akbar (the great struggle), and has to be undertaken by a spiritual pilgrim, whose goal is higher than one who wants to lead a good worldly life only. The dimension of this quest is different. This quest is undertaken on the transcendental dimension. The transcendental reality is beyond the scope of human language. It is always communicated from soul to soul and not mouth to mouth. In Sahih al-Bukhari Vol. 1, The book of Knowledge, Hadith no. 121,[2] it is reported by Abu Hurraira (Radiallahu anhu ) that,

"The Holy Prophet (salla' llaahu'alaihi wa sallam ) taught me two types of knowledge, one type I impart to the people, whilst if I disclose the other my throat will be cut.'

Hence the second type of knowledge was not taught to all and sundry. Consequently it has been communicated through the silsilah  (spiritual chain) of the Sufis. Thus a Muslim must make jihad over his passions.

To attain this one must be attached to a Murshid  (guide to righteousness) and attempt to gain contact with the fellowship on the spiritual realm i.e. Nabiyin , (prophets), siddiqin , (truthful), shuhada , (martyrs), and saliheen (Awliya). These are the magnets that magnetize those that attain their proximity. The remembrance of Imam Hussain and the martyrs of Karbala  are a constant reminder to the Ummah  to stand out against corrupt leadership, especially those who assume the political leadership and abuse it.

LEADERSHIP OF THE UMMAH

The Holy Prophet (Alaihis salatu was salaam) merged in him very admirably, numerous functions, amongst these were:

1.      Reviving the spiritual aspect of Islam, and:

2.      Heading the Islamic state based on The Law of Allah and His Beloved Messenger's exposition.

He had trained certain of his intimate companions as leaders in these fields. As far as heading the Islamic State, he had given many signs and according to some reports he announced openly at the foundation laying ceremony of Masjid an-Nabawi , that his successors would be as follows:[3]

q       Hazrath  Abu Bakr (Radiallahu anhu). (11 to 13. A.H.) 2 Years. 632 to 634.

q       Hazrath Umar (Radiallahu anhu). (13 to 24. A.H.) 11 Years. 634 to 644.

q       Hazrath Uthman (Radiallahu anhu). (24 to 35. A.H.) 11 Years. 644 to 656.

q       Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu). (35 to 40. A.H.) 5 Years. 656 to 661.

The Holy Prophet (Alaihis salatu was salaam) also stated that the reign of the rightful Khulafa  would be for 30 years.The Holy Qur'aan also makes reference to the Khulafa in Sura 48 Verse 29.

This commentary was given by Hazrath Jafar son of Muhammad son of Ali son of Hussain son of Ali (Radiallahu anhu ajmain).

A UNIQUE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

The institution of Al-Khilafah Ar-Rashidah  is a unique system of government. It introduced principles of government which was not known in the ancient world and only recently been introduced in the modern world.

q       The principle of mutual consultation (Shura ), to discuss affairs was introduced. Shura is made among people concerned with a specific issue, whether personal or social. Shura also elected the Khulafa. After election people offered bai'ah , or the pledge of allegiance, to the caliph. The ruler in turn had to seek advice in matters of policy. The pledge of allegiance to the Caliph was a conditional pledge; Muslims will obey him if he obeyed Allah and his Messenger.

q       The principle of Human Rights was introduced. This included freedom of religion, privacy, good family life and legal protection.

q       A welfare state was introduced. It fulfilled the basic right to food, shelter education and health. The treasury or bait ul-maal  was a trust of the Ummah.

PROBLEMS ARISE IN THE UMMAH

The problems arose in the Ummah and Khilafah during the rule of Hazrath Uthman (Radiallahu anhu). The Islamic Empire had experienced tremendous growth and governors grew very powerful in the regions they governed. Among these governors was Muawia ibn Abi Sufyaan (Radiallahu anhu)  of Syria He belonged to the Ummayad Clan of the Quraish. Hazrath Uthman (Radiallahu anhu) once gave audience to a number of people from Kufa, Basra and Egypt, who had complaints against the governors of their territories. He assured them He would take action against any corrupt official. On their way out of the city, they encountered a person who carried a secret letter from the Caliph to his governors. This letter was actually a forgery, by an enemy of Islam 'Abdullah ibn Saba, who sought to stir up trouble in the Muslim Ummah. This group eventually killed the caliph Uthman. It was the 34^th year of the Hijra . The community now overwhelmingly proclaimed Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) as the Caliph. Now the clash would occur between Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) of the Hashimite clan of the Quraish  and Hazrath Muawia (Radiallahu anhu) of the Ummayad clan of the Quraish.

THE CLASH BETWEEN HAZRATH ALI (Radiallahu anhu) AND HAZRATH MUAWIAH (Radiallahu anhu)

The old enmity between the two families was revived. Hazrath Ali wanted to restore the stability and unity of the Ummah, whilst Hazrath Muawia insisted that he arrest the murderers of Uthman (Radiallahu anhu) and hand them over to him first. Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) did not want to accuse the wrong people and he needed a peaceful period to trace and arrest the culprits. Hazrath Muawia who had refused to pay homage to Ali (Radiallahu anhu), now openly disobeyed Ali (Radiallahu anhu) and laid claim to leadership of the Muslim World. Hazrath Aisha (Radiallahu anha) and leading Sahaba  (companions of the Holy Prophet were incited to oppose Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu).

THE BATTLES OF THE CAMEL AND SIFIN

The followers of Hazrath Aisha (Radiallahu anha) and Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) clashed, at a place near Basra, in 656 AC, in the Battle of the Camel. Hazrath Aisha (Radiallahu anha) was defeated and escorted honorably to Madinah. She deeply regretted opposing Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anha) and praised him. Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) made Kufa the administrative capital of the Muslim World. Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) and Muawia (Radiallahu anhu) also fought a battle in 657 AC. This was the Battle of Siffin. Arbitrators were eventually appointed to settle the dispute. Both Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) and Hazrath Muawiya (Radiallahu anhu) were to be removed from the office of Caliph and the Muslims should select another. This plan of peace failed and a group decided to kill both Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) and Muawia (Radiallahu anhu).  This group professed that they alone were following Qur'aan and Sunnah, and became known as the Kharijites  (those who broke away). The Holy Prophet (salla' llaahu'alaihi wa sallam) (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) had referred to them in many Ahadith. I quote one example

It is reported in Mishkat from Hazrath Abu Said Khudri (Radiallahu anhu) who narrates that:

"Once we were in the presence and company of the Holy Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) whilst he was distributing the spoils of War. A person named Zul-Khawaisara, who was from the tribe of Bani Tamim addressed the Holy Prophet (salla' llaahu'alaihi wa sallam), "Oh Muhammad Be Just!" ". The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) replied, "A Great pity that you have doubts, if I am unjust then who will be just, you are a loser and a failure." Zul-Khawaisara's attitude infuriated Hazrath Umar (Radiallahu anhu) and he pleaded with the Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) to permit him to slay Zul-Khawaisara. The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) remarked, "Leave him, as his slaying will serve no good purpose, as he is not the only individual but there are a host of others like him and if you compare their prayers and fasting to that of yours, you yourself will feel ashamed. These are the people who will recite the Quran but it will not go beyond their throats, with all these apparent virtues they will leave the fold of Deen just like the arrow leaves the bow."[5]

 Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) fought and defeated them in the Battle of Nahrawan in 659AC. Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) was assassinated in the Masjid of Kufa, in 659 AC.

THE CALIPHS AND HAZRATH ALI (Radiallahu anhu)

Jabir son of Abdullah (Radiallahu anhu) relates that once he asked the Prophet (Alaihis salatu was salaam) that after his devotion to Allah and his Rasul (saw) who else were to be obeyed next. The Prophet (Alaihis salatu was salaam) said;

' First my Caliphs are to be obeyed, next the saints, of whom Ali is the first and next to him are his sons Hassan and Hussain and their sons.'

After the Holy Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam)  had performed the pilgrimage and was returning to Madinah, he stopped at Ghadir-e-Khum an oasis between Makkah and Madinah.  Here he said that Allah had asked him to announce:

Man Kunto Maulahu Fa Aliun Maulahu Wala Man Walahu Wa Aada Man Aadahu.

"He whose spiritual guide I am, Ali is also his spiritual guide. Oh Allah, You keep him as your friend who keeps Ali as his friend, and You treat him as your enemy who holds enmity against Ali."

Whilst making this statement Rasul (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) pressed Ali to his chest and thereby transferred all the Divine secret knowledge to Ali. Thus Ali was made the spiritual heir and the father of Tasawwuf. Therefore even as Heads of State the Caliphs always sought guidance from Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) on spiritual matters. He was also the Chief Justice during all the Khilafath. This does not mean that the others were not spiritually competent. It should be remembered that Hazrath Abu Bakr (Radiallahu anhu) is the Head of the Naqshbandi School of Sufic teachings, whilst all others are headed by Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu). The methodology of Loud Zikrullah (remembrance of Allah) was taught to Ali (Radiallahu anhu) whilst the Silent Zikrullah, was taught to Abu Bakr (Radiallahu anhu). The Sahaba, including the first three Caliphs learned much on spirituality from Ali /(Radiallahu anhu). Mystical meaning of the Qur'aan etc. were all given to Ali (Radiallahu anhu). Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) said:

 The Prophet of Allah enlightened me on a thousand branches of knowledge, each branch opening a thousand gates.

The Holy Prophet (Alaihis salatu was salaam) said:

Ana Madinatul ilm wa Ali-un-Bab-aha.

I am the city of knowledge and Ali is the door.

He also said:

 I am the city of divine wisdom (Hikmah) and Ali is the door.

(33:33)

HOUSEHOLD OF THE PROPHET

This verse of the Holy Qur'aan refers to the Ahl al-Bait  {household of the Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam)}. This includes the wives of the Holy Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) well as his daughter Fatimah (Radiallahu anha), his-son in-law Ali (Radiallahu anhu) and his grandsons, Hassan (Radiallahu anhu) and Hussain (Radiallahu anhu). [6]

The Holy Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) had called many companions, including the Ashab as-Safa, who were not related to him by blood, but had dedicated their lives to achieve purity, piety and humility as his Ahl al-Bait. The Holy Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) was asked, "Who are your family (Ahl)?"  He replied, "those who are purified (safa), i.e. the pure of heart, who maintain their words, fulfil their promises, dedicate their lives to fulfil my teachings and have greater love for me than any other human being, and after Allah remember me the most".[7]

Therefore all that pursue the science of spirituality (tasawwuf) and attain to the status of Aulia Allah  (friend of Allah) are also referred to as Ahl al- Bait .

PANJATTAN PAAK OR BLESSED FIVE

The blood family of the Holy Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) , amongst the Ahl al-Bait; Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu) , Hazrath Fatimah (Radiallahu anha) , Hazrath Hassan (Radiallahu anhu)  and Hazrath Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) are known as the Blessed Pure Five (Panjattan  Paak).

The Holy Qur'aan makes reference to this in Sura 55 Verse 19-22

Hazrath Anas bin Maalik (Radiallahu anhu) in his commentary on these verses say the two seas here referred to allegorically represent Ali (Radiallahu anhu) and Fatimah (Radiallahu anha) and their Pearls and Corals are Hassan and Hussain. (Radiallahu anhu ajmain)

In the Hadith, an important event symbolizes the spiritual dimension of their relation to the Holy Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam). This is the tradition of the cloak, which the Holy Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) spread over himself and Fatimah his daughter, Ali and their two sons Hassan and Hussain. (Radiallahu anhu ajmain) Umm Salama (Radiallahu anha), the wife of the Holy Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) reports, that the Holy Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) said to Fatimah (Radiallahu anha)  one day:

"Bring me your husband and two sons" When they had all come together he spread his cloak over them and he said:

"Oh Allah, these are the people of my house! Let therefore your blessings descend upon Muhammad the people of the House of Muhammad (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam)"[8]

It is stated that the verse:

Surely Allah wishes to remove all abomination from you, O People of the House, and purify you with a thorough purification,

was revealed as a response to this Dua.

WASILA(intermediation) OF PANJATAN PAAK

The Holy Qur'aan tells us that Adam (Alai' his salaam) received certain words from Allah which earned him forgiveness for his transgression. Sura 2 Verse 37

'He prayed saying, "O Allah, for the sake of Muhammad, Ali, Fatimah, Hassan and Hussain, do turn towards me", and He turned towards him'.[9]

The following Hadith supports this:

"The Holy Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) has stated that when Allah created Adam (Alai' his salaam) ' Adam lifted his eyes and looked towards the right side of the Garden of Eden. He saw five shining faces prostrating themselves before Allah. Adam asked Allah who they were. Allah said that they will be from his descendants, but they will not be created of clay. They will be created out of light (nur). "The whole universe has been created by Me for their sake. Their names have been derived from My names: I am Mahmood (The Praised one) and he is Muhammad (The Praised one); I am Aali (The Supreme) and he is Ali; I am Faatir (creator) and she is Fatimah; I am Ehsaan (Beneficent) and he is Hassan; I am Mohsin (Generous) and he is Hussain. I swear by My Honor that if anybody comes before Me with the least disrespect or hatred for any of them, I shall cast them into hell without any consideration. O Adam! These are my five chosen and blessed and for their sake I will forgive and bless unlimited numbers. If you or your progeny have any difficulties approach Me in the name of the Blessed Five.'

Love for the Prophets family is enjoined by Allah in the Qur'aan in Sura 42 Verse 23.

The spiritual unity of the Panjattan Paak, is a symbol of the unity of all Muslims. It is for the sake of this unity in faith and commitment to Allah and truth (which is Islam), that Imam Hussain sacrificed his life. He refused a partisan Islam, and leadership devoid of morality (Adab) and love (Ishq).

IMAM HASSAN (Radiallahu anhu) AND HAZRATH MUAWIA (RADIALLAHU ANHU) 41-60 AH.

After the Shahaadat  of Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu), his supporters swore an oath of allegiance to his son Hazrath Imam Hassan (Radiallahu anhu). In a few months however Imam Hassan (Radiallahu anhu) resigned in favor of Hazrath Muawiya (Radiallahu anhu), to avoid further spilling of blood.

Hazrath Muawia (Radiallahu anhu) became the undisputed Caliph of the Muslim world. He was an able organizer, fighter and administrator. Under him the world of Islam was united again and enjoyed peace and prosperity. Muawia (Radiallahu anhu) ruled as caliph for about nineteen years (41- 60 Ah.). During this period Muawia (Radiallahu anhu) made arrangements for his son Yazid to be Caliph after him. This was the beginning of hereditary rule going against Selection by Shura  (consultation). The dagger had been thrust into the political stability of Islam. Abdullah ibn Saba, the enemy of Ahl al-Bait and Islam induced Yazid to offer marriage to the woman who will poison Imam Hassan (Radiallahu anhu). Imam Hassan's wife, Joda poisoned him. This is how Imam Hassan was martyred, by poison.

IMAM HUSSAIN (Radiallahu anhu) AND YAZID THE CURSED- 60 AH. -64AH

Imam Hassan, the beloved grandson of the Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam), was born in 3 AH, in Madinah the Illuminated, was martyred. The Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) had prophesized that he will stop the bloodshed in his Ummah.  Imam Hassan (Radiallahu anhu) has been a victim of malicious propaganda since his martyrdom. I would like to emphatically state that he was a saintly man who preferred solitude, and the accusation of him marrying and divorcing, had been spread by mischief monger historians. He died at the age of 47, in 50 AH.

Kufa and Basra in Iraq, had become the main political centers, and the spiritual headquarters was, and will always remain, Madinah the Illuminated. The learned and pious all settled in Madinah. All-important matters were referred to them. The Muslims of Madinah refused to accept Yazid's nomination. In spite of this Hazrath Muawia (Radiallahu anhu) persisted. The people of Hijaaz  (Arabia) favored Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu).

Hazrath Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) was born in Madinah in 4 AH. He was now 45 years old. He was a beloved grandson of the Holy Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) who grew up in the blessed lap of the Master.  He had tried to talk to Muawia (Radiallahu anhu) to withdraw Yazid's nomination but he refused. Muawia (Radiallahu anhu) died at the age of 75, after ruling for about nineteen years. Muawia died in Damascus in 60 AH.

Yazid was a disgrace to the Ummayyads in particular, and Islam in general. He indulged in alcohol, merrymaking and immoral activities. He was 35 years of age, on his ascension to the 'Holy Seat of Caliph'. During his four-year reign (60 AH. -64AH.) he abused power, oppressed the pious and spilled the holy blood of the Ahl al-Bait. This impious tyrant sent his emissaries to force people throughout the Muslim world to swear allegiance to him. He used all means possible, like bribery, coercion, pressure, threats and force to get people to accept him. He married women that Islam has prohibited and he legalized interest. As soon as he took office as Caliph, Yazid sent the governor of Madinah, Walid ibn Uqba to demand allegiance from Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) and prominent Sahaba  who opposed him. Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) voiced his protest, and he spoke on behalf of all the pious, saying that Yazid was a sinner, impious and worthless, undeserving of any form of allegiance.

Walid warned Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) of the consequences of refusal, but Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) said that he could not give his hand to a tyrant. Yazid knew that his failure to get Imam Hussain's support meant that he would never get the support of the people of Madinah. He was blinded with fury and commanded Walid to force Imam Hussain to cooperate and if he still refused he should be beheaded. No amount of threats could make Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) change his attitude. Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) consulted his loyal companions, and they advised him to migrate to Makkah with his family. He heeded their advice. Abdullah ibn Zubayr (Radiallahu anhu) and his brother Ja'far also migrated to Makkah the Ennobled.

The citizens of the Holy City of Makkah the Ennobled welcomed Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) with overflowing love. The grandson of the Holy Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam), the coolness of his blessed eye, the leader of the youths of paradise, had come to live in there midst. He was in every respect pleasing to Allah, courageous and bold, learned and pious, eloquent, fluent and concise, a fine and moving speaker, above all so dearly loved by the Beloved Rasul (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam). He was now 56 years old and it was about him that Rasul (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) said:

"O my Allah, I love this child. May you also love him and those who love him.'

Imam Hussain spent the months of Shabaan to Zil Qadh in Makkah. The people were spiritually uplifted with his blessed presence.

The people of Kufa, who were supporters of Hazrath Ali (Radiallahu anhu), got to know of the death of Hazrath Muawiya (Radiallahu anhu). They also heard that that Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) had refused to swear allegiance to Yazid. They decided to call upon Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) to take his rightful place as Caliph. He received an abundance of letters inviting him to Kufa. He consulted with his companions. Abdullah ibn Zubayr (Radiallahu anhu) advised that he should go, but ibn Abbas warned him to beware of the Kufans who had betrayed both Imam Ali (Radiallahu anhu) and Imam Hassan (Radiallahu anhu).

Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) decided to send his cousin, Muslim bin Akeel (Radiallahu anhu), to assess the situation in Kufa. Muslim bin Akeel (Radiallahu anhu) made Dua at the Roza Mubarak [at the Blessed Grave of the Holy Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam)  ] in Madinah. Then he took leave from his family and friends. On his arrival in Kufa, he was warmly received and more than 30 000 confirmed their support for Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu), with numbers increasing daily. When he was certain that the whole of Iraq was behind Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu), he invited him to come. He was certain that the true Caliphate would be reestablished and they would be rid of Yazid.

INVITATION TO KUFA- MARTYRDOM OF IMAM MUSLIM (Radiallahu anhu)

Muslim bin Akeel (Radiallahu anhu) had assessed the situation in Iraq and advised Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) to come to Kufa.

Yazid's spies had informed him of Imam Muslim's welcome in Kufa, his support there and the hospitality he received. Yazid's supporters advised him to replace Numan bin Bashir, the governor of Kufa who was sympathetic towards the family of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam). He acted in accordance with his ministers' advice and dismissed ibn Bashir, and placed Ubaydullah ibn Ziyaad in his place, as both heads of Kufa and Basra.

Yazid instructed ibn Ziyaad, to banish or kill Imam Muslim (Radiallahu anhu). Ubaidullah ibn Ziyaad arrived in Kufa at a time when the Kufans were anxiously awaiting for the arrival of Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu). Ziyaad took advantage of the situation and pretended to be Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu). Ziyaad realized that the people were in favor of Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu). He called a meeting at the Jaame Masjid (main congregational mosque),  disclosed his true identity, and warned the people that any opposition to him would be severely dealt with.

Ibn Ziyaad ordered that a list of all foreigners, who were not from Kufa, be given to him. Those who submitted the names would be absolved from blame and those who do not comply will be condemned to death. Imam Muslim (Radiallahu anhu) was living at a house of one of Imam Hussain's followers, whose name was Mukhtar al- Thaqafi. Imam Muslim (Radiallahu anhu) was accepting bai'ah (pledges of allegiance) on behalf of Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu).

Imam Muslim (Radiallahu anhu) sought refuge in the house of Hani Bin Uqba. Hani was threatened to hand over Imam Muslim (Radiallahu anhu); he refused and was consequently put to death. Imam Muslim and 4000 followers marched to ibn Ziyaads house. Imam Muslim (Radiallahu anhu) followers were threatened, that if the did not leave him they will be killed together with their families. The Kufans eventually abandoned him. He was left alone, captured, beaten to death and flung from the top of ibn Ziyaads fort. His body was hung in public to serve as a warning to those who dare to challenge the regime. After this his body was pierced on to a lance and paraded in the streets. The heartless villains, reciters of the Kalimah (testifying faith)  then killed Imam Muslim's children.

BETRAYAL

Unsuspecting, Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) was on his way to Kufa. He made a stop and dispatched a messenger with a letter to the Kufans stating that he was on his way. The messenger was captured and put to death by ibn Ziyaad. Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) met many travelers on the way coming from Kufa, and they informed him about the turn of events in Kufa. Imam Muslim's brothers wanted to avenge their brother's death. Those who had joined on the way thinking of glory in Iraq became afraid. The sincere waited for the Imams decision. He explained the situation and said those who wish to leave may do so. Many left and only a few sincere, who had traveled with him from Makkah, remained. Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) arrived in Kufa.

Ibne Ziyaad received the news of Imam Hussain's arrival. He assigned Hur bin Yazid and 500 soldiers to keep a watch on Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu). Imam Hussain confronted Hur and enquired who he was. He replied that he was ordered to keep an eye on him and deliver him to Ibne Ziyaad. Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) replied that they, the Kufans, had invited him. Hur denied having any knowledge of such an invitation, so Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) showed him the letters. It was time for Zuhr Salaat (mid afternoon prayer) and Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) ordered the Muezzin (caller to prayer) to call the Azaan and Iqamah (call and summon to prayer). Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) asked Hur if they would pray separately or together. Hur replied that they will all read salaat behind Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu). The Asr Salaat (late afternoon prayer) was offered in the same manner.

After the salaat  Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) addressed the congregation, saying that he had come on their invitation and if the wished to go back on their word, and not support the path of righteousness, he was willing to go back. Hur replied that he would request Ibne Ziyaad to permit them to move to another place outside Madinah and Kufa. Ibne Ziyaads reply was that Imam Hussain should not be allowed to take refuge at any fort or fertile ground. Hur conveyed the news to Imam Hussain saying that he could only allow them to camp in an open place in the desert.

AT KARBALA

It was Thursday, 2 Muharram 60 AH; Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) and his followers pitched camp at a place called Karbala. They were between the Euphrates River and a hill. Ibne Ziyaad was informed of Imam Hussain's whereabouts and on the 3 Muharram he reinforced Hurs troops with, 4000 soldiers under Amr bin Saad. They were ordered to confront Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu). Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) warned Hur about the spiritual consequences of taking up arms against the family of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam). The material promises and greed for wealth and power blinded Hur and he paid no heed to the advice given.

Acting on the orders of Ibne Ziyaad, Amr bin Saad placed 500 horsemen on the banks of the river stopping the supply of water to Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) and his group. The basic need for survival was now being denied to the grandson of the owner of the fount of Kauthar (Maalik -e Kauthar ) in paradise and the son of the waterbearer at Kauthar (Saqi -e-Kauthar). The situation deteriorated and Imam Abbas (Radiallahu anhu), the brother of Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) was ordered was ordered to fetch water from the river under the escort of a few soldiers. He succeeded in getting 20 leather bags of water after a struggle.

thirst and determination

The venerable Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu), 55 years of age, and seventy two of his followers, including, twenty three members, who came from the pure lineage and were close relatives, of our Master, the Noble Messenger and revered Prophet (Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam), were camped at Karbala, thirsty and exhausted. Imam Abbas (Radiallahu anhu), the brother of Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) had managed to get some water after a battle against the enemy troops who were guarding the river.

negotiations

Negotiations were continuing between the leadership of the two parties. It was the 9 Th Muharram and no agreement could be reached. Imam Hussain put forward three conditions in a bid to finalize an agreement:

q       He should be left alone to return to where he had come from.

q       He should be allowed an audience with Yazid alone to settle the matter.

q       He should be allowed to go to the border and be left alone.

Amr bin Saad wrote to Ibne Ziyaad explaining the proposals. Ibne Ziyaad looked upon the proposals favorably, but Shimr bin Zil Joushan stopped Ziyaad, by poisoning his mind. He told him that if he let Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) out of his grip without getting the oath of allegiance to Yazid, Yazid would be upset with him.

Ibne Ziyaad ordered Shimr to go personally to Amr and instruct him to get a complete surrender from Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu). If he does not agree to surrender then they must go to war. He told Shimr that if Amr does not cooperate he should take over the leadership from Amr, kill Imam Hussain and bring his blessed head to him.

prayers in the face of adversity

When Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) saw the enemy forces coming towards them he asked Hazrath Abbas (Radiallahu anhu) to request a days grace so that he could supplicate and read salaat. The request was granted and Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) addressed his supporters. He told them that those that wanted to leave might do so, because his fate has been divinely decreed. All his supporters assured him of their wholehearted support. He said he would put out the campfire at night, so that those that change their mind may leave in the dark of night, and he would not hold any enmity towards them. The entire night was spent offering prayers, invoking forgiveness from Allah, weeping and crying.

Friday 10 Muharram 61 AH

It was the day of Ashura, Friday 10 Muharram 61 AH. Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) and his supporters had gone without food or water for three days. Not a drop of water or a morsel of food was available. The infant son of Imam Hussain, 6 month old Ali Asgar is thirsty. The mother has been dehydrated, and has not a single drop of milk to nurse her child. The Fajr Azaan  (call to prayer) goes and this was to be their last congregational salaat together. The heads prostrate on the ground for the Creator were prepared to be sacrificed for Him. After the salaat Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) made an additional supplication of patience for them. The battle strategy was being discussed and the flag was given to Hazrath Abbas (Radiallahu anhu).

Hazrath Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu), mounted a camel, went to the enemy camp and tried to speak sense into them. They replied that only if he gave his blessed hand into the wretched hand of Yazid they would leave him alone. The force of 22 000 was ready to stain the ground of Karbala with the blood of their Prophets Family.

Hur bin Yazid asked ibn Saad if he genuinely wanted to kill the Holy Prophets family. Hur knew how was standing between paradise and hell. He rode off towards Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) fell at his feet and asked for forgiveness. He joined the forces of Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) and crowned himself with martyrdom. He gave his life with honor and dignity.

Amr bin Saad fired the first arrow, and the battle began. Imam Hussain's (Radiallahu anhu) followers fought with valor, determination and commitment. They were outnumbered, fatally wounded, but their bravery is indescribable. One by one they got martyred for truth and justice in the path of righteousness.

ahle baith on the battlefield

When all the companions had adorned themselves with the crown of Martyrdom it was the turn of the Ahl al-Bait to take to the battlefield. The previous night Imam Hussain had a dream in which the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) informed him that he and the male members of his family would be martyred the next day. The people who will kill him would be condemned to hell and therefore, they should bear it with patience.[11] He immediately woke every one up and told them about the glad tidings he received. Syed Shah Muhammad Kabir of Danapur writes [12] that upon hearing this dream everyone in Imam Hussains camp sat up and prayed with him. In the morning they put on itr (sweet fragrance of flowers), their best clothing, went to their womenfolk and took their leave and blessings. They told them they should be patient and not mourn. They then recited the verses of the Holy Qur'aan in which it is stated that martyrs are not dead.[13] They then went out bravely to earn eternal life.

I quote a few incidents after about 60 people had been martyred already:

q       Hazrath Jafar and Abd ar-Rahman (Radiallahu anhu), the cousins of Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) were martyred, then the two teenage sons of Bibi Zainub (Radiallahu anhu), the sister of Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu), sought their mothers permission to go to the battlefield. Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) refused saying they were not mature enough. Bibi Zainub (Radiallahu anhu) intervened and told Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) not to deprive her sons of the crown of martyrdom.

q       Hazrath Abdullah (Radiallahu anhu), the eldest son of Imam Hassan (Radiallahu anhu) pleaded with his uncle to go out. He killed 82 before being blessed with martyrdom. The second son of Imam Hassan (Radiallahu anhu), Imam Hassan al-Musanna (Radiallahu anhu) was severely wounded and he fell to the ground. He was mistaken for dead and subsequently saved.

q       The youngest son of Imam Hassan (Radiallahu anhu) was deeply saddened when his uncle flatly refused to grant him permission to go out. Whilst he was crying he remembered that his father had written something and tied on his hand, with the instruction that he must open it when he is in the most difficult position. When he opened it his tears turned into tears of joy, because it was an order to go out and be martyred in Karbala. Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) allowed him to go out.

q       Umar bin Hassan (Radiallahu anhu) and Abu Bakr bin Hassan (Radiallahu anhu) sought their uncle's permission and went out. One by one the flowers of the garden of Bibi Fatimah (Radiallahu anha) wore the crown of martyrdom.

q       Eighteen year old, Ali Akbar (Radiallahu anhu), the second son of Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) received his fathers permission to go out. His elder brother Imam Zain al-Aberdeen, who was absolutely bedridden with fever, unable to stand, pleaded that he should precede his brother. Imam Hussain refused to allow him to go out.

q       Imam Hussain's (Radiallahu anhu) third son, Ali Asgar (Radiallahu anhu), a six month old baby, was dying of thirst. Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) took his baby in his hands, and pleaded to the enemy to give him some water, but an arrow was fired into the baby's throat.

imam hussain's shahadat

Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) was the only male left to go out. He fought bravely and killed hundreds, before thousands of arrows rained on him. Covered with wounds from head to toe he fell off his horse. His attackers surrounded him. 'He addressed them saying,

"You made me and my children wander thirsty in these desert wastes. You gave me no water and I know better than to expect any from you. But at least give my children a drop to drink, so that I may forgive you for the great wrong you have done."

They replied that they would not give a single drop. He then kicked the ground, from which a crystal spring burst forth. Their eyes opened wide in amazement. He said:" Now you see the quality of our patience. We have only suffered like this in order to teach the community and make them understand that they must be prepared to sacrifice everything they have, when they engage in necessary struggle against the tyrannical and the corrupt. Otherwise water was at our command. If we had wished, we would have drawn it up and drunk it before now. We refrained from doing so however, in order to set the community of Muhammad (Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) an example of sacrifice."[14]

The time was a little before sunset on the 10 Th. of Muharram 61 AH.  He told his attackers that he had not missed a single prayer in his life, so they should allow him to read his Asr Salaat. As he bent down in prostration, Shimr beheaded him. The nectar of martyrdom quenched his thirst. Our mother Umm Salama (Radiallahu anha) , said:

"I heard the jinn weeping and mourning the venerable Hussain".

Sheik Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (Radiallahu anhu)[15] says that Jafar ibn Muhammad (Radiallahu anhu) said:

"Seventy thousand angels alighted on the grave of al-Hussain ibn Ali (Radiallahu anhu), on the day when he was mortally wounded, and will continue to weep over him until Yawm al-Qiyaamah (the Day of Resurrection.)."

We should not be surprised to hear that the very jinn wept at the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu). All the angels in heaven and earth wept.

q       Sayyid Jalil Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Rifai (Rahmatullah-alai) said:

"Heaven and earth wept for the martyr cruelly wronged, as he lay with his radiant countenance all stained with blood. The blessed hands of Imam Hussain, so thirsty when he fell a martyr by the sword, were powerful enough to make the oceans flow."[16]

q       Khwaja Muin al-Din Hassan Chisti (Radiallahu anhu) said:

"Shah ast Hussain, Badshah ast Hussain,

Din ast Hussain, Din panah ast Hussain,

Sar daad, Na daad dast dar daste Yazid,

Haqqua kae binayae La illaha hast Hussain"

The king of martyrs is Hussain, The king of kings is Hussain,

Hussains is the way of life (Islam), The savior of Islam is Hussain,

He gave his head but not his hand (allegiance) into the hand of Yazid,

In truth the foundation of the adoration of one Allah is Hussain."

As the horses trampled the blessed body of our Master, on the ground, the tears flowed from the eyes of the ladies. Their cries reached the Throne on High (Arsh), and made the soul of Fatimah the Radiant (Radiallahu anha)  weep. They distressed the blessed soul of The Beloved Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam)

The Imam was martyred at the age of 56 years, 5 months and five days.

Treatment of the martyrs and survivors

Imam Hussain’s (Radiallahu anhu) blessed body lay in a pool of blood in the desert. The tyrants forced the women and children of Ahl al-Bait out of the tents and set the tents on fire. The weather changed. A red dust storm, blew in the desert, the sky became dark. Some reports say that blood rained from the skies, and the sun did not shine for three days. The bodies of the martyrs lay on the desert sand of Karbala for three days. The heads of the martyrs were pierced onto spears and taken to Kufa.

Ibne Ziyaad, the accursed sent the blessed head of Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) to Yazid the damned, in Damascus. Imam Hussain’s beloved son Zain al-Aberdeen (Radiallahu anhu), and his sister, Bibi Zaynab (Radiallahu anhu), the survivors of Karbala were also sent. The tyrant Yazid mocked them and ordered that their blessed head should be exhibited throughout the Muslim world, but his advisors warned him that as the news of the tragedy was reaching different areas and Muslim anger and anger was being expressed, he withdrew his orders. Few heads were severed in Karbala but a multitude of heads now took notice of the injustice being perpetuated. He now ordered that the noble relatives of the Imam be escorted to Madinah the Illuminated.

bibi zaynub (Radiallahu anha) in madinah

When the caravan reached Madinah the Illuminated, weeping and sighs could be heard from everywhere. The people became delirious with grief. Bibi Zainub (Radiallahu anhu), went to the Roza Mubarak (The Blessed Grave of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam). She said,‘ Salutations upon you, My beloved grand father. Your family has been massacred. The readers of your Kalimah (testification of faith) have made us widows. Your children were tortured and killed without any water to drink. Your grandson Hussain gave his life for justice.”

the blessed head

The blessed head of the venerable Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) was sent to Ascolan in Syria were the local governor had it buried. When the Crusaders captured Ascolan much later, a Fatimid named Salih paid a lot of money to buy the blessed head from them. He received it with parade and honor. He carried it upon his own head, placed it upon an ebony throne and wrapped it in green silk. He had a casket made of solid gold and lined with musk. The blessed head was placed in this casket. It was laid to rest, in a special Mazaar  (Blessed grave) in the mosque of Hussain, which Salih had built in Cairo. Despite the inevitable differences of opinion about what did actual become of the blessed head, the great saints and most Sufis maintain that it is at Masjid al-Hussain in Cairo, where it is visited everyday by the Qutb  (Cardinal Saint) of our age.[17]

yazid attacks Makkah and Madinah

In the year 62 AH. The army of Yazid invaded Madinah the Illuminated, for three days, murdering over 10 000 companions of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) and their children. They used Masjid al-Nabawi, in which the blessed body of the Holy Prophet (Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) rests, as a stable for their horses. It was covered with urine and filth from their horses.[18]

Makkah the Ennobled was thereafter attacked and the covering of the blessed Kaaba was set on fire. The attack on Makkah the Ennobled lasted for over two months. Soon thereafter Yazid died.

symbolic red and green garments

Yunus Emre, the popular Turkish Sufi Poet, composed some Sufi songs, in the late 13^th Or 14^th Century, wherein the Prophets grandsons played a central role. He also makes reference to a well known legend, according to which the Prophet (Salla’llahu’alaihi wa sallam) saw Jibraeel (Alai’ his salaam) bring a red and green garment for his grandsons, and was informed that these garments pointed to their future deaths through the sword and poison respectively[19]

Tazia (model of the tomb of Imam Hussain)

The practice of Tazia (model of the tomb of Imam Hussain)  was started by Amir Timur, who invaded India in 1398 AD. He built the first Tazia after he returned to Samarkand from a pilgrimage to Karbala. The word Tazia is a Persian word, which means, “expressing sorrow with passion”. Especially the Shia community adopted this practice, hence the Sunni Ulema, who mean well and have a lot of love in their hearts, had passed fatwa (religious decree) against this practice. In the South African context however Hazrath Soofie Saheb (Rahmatullah-alai) introduced it as a Tariqah (methodology) in the Chisti Nizami Habibi Sufi order to mobilize the hearts in the love of the Martyrs of Karbala and the Blessed Five (Panjattan Paak). I must however stress here that this practice is not for all and sundry to copy. It is for those duly authorized by Khulafa (deputies) of the spiritual order. The adoption of this practice by laymen has opened the door to criticism. Many Ulema having their roots and training in the Indo-Pak subcontinent however, have difficulty in accepting this act of love, in the Sunni context.

majalis

The Majalis (gathering in which the events of Karbala) are related is said to be a practice of Bibi Zaynab (Radiallahu anha) who gathered around the inquirer’s on her return to Madinah the Illuminated, and related the events to them. There is a well-known Hadith in which it is stated that:

“The compassion of Allah descends when the deeds of the righteous are mentioned.”

kitchra niaz

To prepare kitchra on Ashura day is a Sunnah of Hazrath Nuh (Alai’ his salaam) It is stated that when the great flood stopped and the ark stopped at Mount Judi, it was the Day of Ashura. Hazrath Nuh (Alai' his salaam) ) prepared a meal consisting of seven varieties of grains and fed the people.[20]

Hazrath Soofie Saheb (Rahmatullah-alai) initiated this practice in South Africa as a means of honoring the Day of Ashura and Esaale sawaab (recurring benefit) in the name of the martyrs of Karbala. The author on a visit to Egypt in 1998 also witnessed this being practiced there on the 10^th Muharram.  

The startling event of Karbala shook the very foundation of Muslims. The consciousness of Muslims was stirred, to always practice Islam honestly and sincerely, and stand for what is right irrespective of the consequences.

Islam did not come to have followers who are Muslim only in name, or ritualistically, or from the point of view of certain aqaaid  (principles of belief) which they may hold but don’t practice. Islam came to transform human beings in order that they may become worthy of companionship of any of these four categories.

I have to emphasize here that faith in God and the Messenger of God is to be lived and not merely held. This Iman (faith) should be a living, dynamic and consequential faith. The Holy Prophet has been appointed by Allah as the Divine Instrument of tazkiyah (purification of the personality) for all time. (62: 2-4 etc.).

Those that have been blessed, to be in this Blessed Fellowship, among them the central luminary being Muhammad, the most excellent, Beloved of God, (in whom God’s Choicest blessings abide in abounding measure), they also become God’s Beloved, and acquire new properties (qualities). Their attitude in the transcendental realm of existence is one of compassion, sympathy and kindness towards those that remember them. To receive them however, it is necessary to rise up to the spiritual level, where contact becomes possible. Associations with spiritualized personalities who are physically present in this world, and with those on the transcendental dimension assist man in attaining heights of spirituality.

The companionship means: if a piece of iron stays in the company of a magnet, it becomes magnetized. It acquires new properties (qualities). Similarly if a gardener stays in the company of fragrant flowers, he himself attains fragrance by being in touch with the flowers. We pray to Allah daily for this spiritual companionship in Sura Fateha.

establishing spiritual contact

Keeping this perspective in mind the question often emerges: God is Ever- Living, Eternal and Omnipresent; hence communion with Him is possible. But the Messenger of God and those categories mentioned were human beings who died a long time ago. How can communication and establishment of intimate spiritual relation with them be possible?

The Holy Qur’aan answers this misgiving very clearly:

Firstly, the human personality is not annihilated at death; it is transferred from one level of existence to another with its Identity intact, -the life after death being a new life.

Secondly, the levels of existence after death are of a different quality, in the case of each category of human beings, including Muslims. Thus about the martyrs it has been said: Sura 2 Verse 154

And call not those who have been slain in the way of Allah dead. They are alive only you cannot perceive them.

3:169 again speaks of the Martyrs:

The word for martyr in Arabic is Shaheed, which is from the root sh-h-d. Many shades of meaning can be inferred from this root: Mushahada: which means to witness or to receive something. The martyr, according to traditional report (Hadith), at the time of martyrdom, before the blood can drop on the ground, receives many bounties from Allah:

1.      His sins are forgiven.

2.      Allah is pleased with him and gives him the blessings of the hereafter.

3.      He witnesses the beauty of Allah unveiled.

4.      His Ruh (essential being) is taken to the presence of Allah.

5.      Angels witness his martyrdom (mashud bin malaik.). It is recorded in the authentic books of Hadith that, Hazrath Abdullah ibn Abbas had seen the Holy Prophet (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) in a dream during the period when Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) was martyred. Rasulullah (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam)  told him that he had witnessed the Shahaadat of Imam Hussain (Radiallahu anhu) and his followers. Thus the Martyrdom of Imam Hussain is above all martyrdom since our Beloved Rasul (Salla'llahu'alaihi wa sallam) has witnessed it. (Mashud bir Rasul ).

Sura 9 Verse 36

sacred month

Muharram is one of the four sacred months. (al-ashur al-muharrama). It includes the Day of Ashura, and Allah enormously enhances the recompense of those who worship him on that day.

Fasting, caring for the orphans and needy and providing a meal to a fasting person on that day carries great spiritual rewards. Fast should be kept on the ninth and tenth of Muharram.

significant events

The Holy Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) has enumerated the significance of this day in ahadith. He has stated that

·        Allah created the heavens, mountains, oceans, pen (qalam) and tablet (lawh) on this day.

·        Hazrath Ibrahim (Alai' his salaam)  was born, and Allah saved him from the furnace on this day.

·         Pharaoh was drowned,

·        Allah relented towards Adam (Alai' his salaam) ,

·         Isa (Alai' his salaam)  was born and

·         qiyama will occur on this day.[21]

In another tradition it is stated that

·        , heaven, earth, stars, arsh, (heavenly throne), kursi (pedestal), tablet and pen were created on this day.

·        Gabriel (Alai' his salaam) all angels and, Adam (Alai' his salaam) were created on Ashura.

·        The first rains and the first gift of mercy (rahma) descended on this day.

cosmic birth

There is a lack of unanimity amongst the scholars as to why the day of Ashura came to be so called. Without going into the various opinions I mention just one. Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (Rahmatullah-alai)  says that it was also on this day that our Beloved Rasul (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam)  was born. But it is unanimously accepted that the physical birth of Rasul (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam) took place on the twelfth of the blessed Rabi ul-Awwal. Therefore many Urafa (people of insight) has stated that this could be a reference to the cosmic birth of the Nur e Muhammadi (sallallahu alaihi wa sallam). He is the essence of all creation.[22]

MARTYRS OF KARBALA

It is therefore evident that the tenth day of Muharram is a special chosen day of Allah, therefore He effected many events on this particular day. The martyrdom of al-Hussain ibn Ali (Radiallahu anha) and the members of the Ahle Bait (members of the Prophet's house) on the Day of Ashura in 61 AH has a great significance.